Matrices are one of the most fundamental structures in mathematics, and it is well known that the behavior of a matrix is dictated by its eigenvalues. Eigenvalues, however, are notoriously hard to control, due in part to the lack of techniques available. In this talk, I will present a new technique that we call the "method of interlacing polynomials" which has been used recently to give unprecedented bounds on eigenvalues, and as a result, new insight into a number of old problems. I will discuss some of these recent breakthroughs, which include the existence of Ramanujan graphs of all degrees, a resolution to the famous Kadison-Singer problem, and most recently an incredible result of Anari and Gharan on the Traveling Salesman problem that has produced an interesting anomaly in computer science.